形容词构成-形容词构成法

形容词

形容词的构成

1.动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀

[名师指津]ed形容词多表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到……的”，通常修饰人；ing形容词多表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令人……的”，通常修饰物或事。

2.复合形容词的构成

(二)形容词的功能

1.作定语修饰名词或代词，说明其性质、特征等。

These are valuable suggestions.

这些是宝贵的建议。

2.作表语与连系动词构成系表结构，说明主语的性质或特征。

His suggestions are very valuable.

他的建议很有价值。

3.作补足语说明宾语或主语的性质、状态或特征。

I consider his suggestion very valuable.

我认为他的建议很有价值。

4.作状语主要表示原因、伴随等。

He returned home, safe and sound.

他回到了家，安然无恙。

(三)形容词的位置

1.形容词短语作定语，须后置。

This is a book suitable for children.

这是一本适合孩子们的书。

There is a huge room, simple and beautiful.

有一个大房间，简单且漂亮。

2.表语形容词(afraid, alike, alone, asleep, awake, alive等)作定语，须后置，如a man alive。有些表示身体健康状况的形容词如well, faint, ill只作表语；sick既可作表语又可作定语。ill如果不是表示身体健康状况，而是表示类似bad(不好的)的意思时，通常只作定语。

He’s been ill since then.

从那时以来他一直病着。

By ill luck, my flight had been cancelled.

不幸的是，我的航班被取消了。

3.形容词用作定语，修饰由不定代词one，no，any，some和every构成的复合词如anything，something等时，通常后置。

I have something important to tell you.

我有重要的事情要告诉你。

4.else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。

Who else wants to go there?

还有谁想去那儿？

5.当含有old, long, high, wide, deep等词的数量词短语作定语时，需后置。

At that time she was only a girl five years old.

那时她只是一个五岁的女孩。

6.多个形容词作定语的排列顺序

几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：

限定词(包括冠词、所有格、人称代词、指示代词、数词等)＋观点词(品质、状态，即表示好、坏、美、丑等的词)＋形状或样式词(大小、长短或高低词)＋年龄或新旧词＋颜色词＋产地或来源词＋材料或种类词＋用途词＋名词。

a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella

【拓展练习】

.单句语法填空

He spoke to me in English and started explaining his past life when he was (health).

The U.S. Foreign Service Institute points out that it will take a native English speaker 2,200 hours to reach (profession) fluency in Chinese.

Some politicians have been quick to describe the event as simple (violence) action.

During the interview, you should present your views very clearly, wearing a sincere and (confidence) smile.

For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt (please), because there were many empty seats in the room.

The water near the equator is less salty than that found in the midlatitudes (中纬度) for (abundance) equatorial precipitation (赤道降水) throughout the year.

In some (crowd) cities, the car has polluted the air so badly that people get sick just from breathing it.

.单句改错

1. Without Mother and Father’s love, I wouldn’t be leading such a happily life now.

2. The government should close the city center to all traffic except buses and bikes, and build very larger car parks outside the town.

3.I am awfully tiring, but I know I’ll never fall asleep.

4.Don’t panic or get out of line, and try to remain quiet and calmly.

【语篇综合练】

.语法填空

High in thick bamboo forests in the misty,1 (rain) mountains of southwestern China 2(live) one of the world’s rarest mammals: the giant panda, also called the panda. Only about 1,000 of these blackandwhite 3(relative) of bears survive in the wild.

Pandas eat almost nothing 4 bamboo shoots and leaves.5 (occasion) they eat other plants, fish, or small animals, but bamboo accounts 699 percent of their diets. Pandas eat fast; they eat a lot, and they spend about 12 hours a day 7(do) it. The reason is that they digest only about a 8(five) of what they eat. Overall, bamboo is not very nutritious. To stay healthy, they have to eat a lot — up to 15 percent of their body weight in 12 hours — so they eat fast.

Pandas’ molars (臼齿) are very broad and flat. The shape of these teeth helps the animals crush the bamboo shoots, leaves, and stems they eat.9 (get) the bamboo to their mouths, they hold the stems with their front claws, which have enlarged wrist bones that act as thumbs for grasping things. A panda should have at least two bamboo species where it lives, or it will starve. Pandas are shy; they never leave areas 10 they live. This restricts pandas to very limited areas.

Part I Adv.

(一)副词的构成

1.形容词变副词的后缀

2.意义有别的同根副词

[名师指津]下列单词以ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively, lonely, lovely, deadly, friendly, ugly, silly, likely, brotherly, timely等。

(二)副词的句法功能和位置

副词作状语说明动作性质或状态的特征，常用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语及整个句子等。副词还可以作表语、定语和补足语。

1.enough修饰名词前置或后置均可；修饰形容词、动词或副词时，必须后置。

He is old enough to go to school.

他年龄大了，足可以上学了。

2.几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。

We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.

我们上周星期天在户外一起玩得很愉快。

3.频度副词如often, always, usually等放在be动词后、行为动词前。

She is always in time for class.

她总是及时来上课。

4.副词作定语，须后置。

The person there is waiting for you.

那儿的那个人正在等你。

(三)句子副词的用法

有些副词并不修饰动词，而是修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法，这类副词叫句子副词。常见的句子副词有：

(1)表递进：besides, further, then, moreover等。

(2)表结果：therefore, consequently, accordingly, thus等。

(3)表转折：though, instead, otherwise, however等。

(4)表等同：similarly, equally等。

(5)表对比：rather, oppositely等。

(6)表概括：altogether, generally等。

(7)表列举：first(ly), second(ly), finally等。

(8)表同位：namely等。

(9)表时间：meanwhile, sometimes, occasionally等。

(10)表特指：mainly, mostly, particularly, especially等。

I don’t like it; besides, it’s too expensive.

我不喜欢它，而且它太贵了。

Playing on a frozen sports field sounds like a lot of fun. Isn’t it a rather risky, though?

在结冰的运动场地上玩耍听起来很有趣，然而，这难道不是太冒险吗？

[对点练2]用所给词的适当形式填空

This math problem is easy and I can work it out easily.(easy)

There was a strong wind last night, and it blew strongly.(strong)

The boys have a happy time, and they’re playing happily.(happy)

The beautiful girl sings very beautifully.(beautiful)

Finally (final), you need to find other ways to earn extra money to pay for your college fees.

(一)形容词与副词比较等级的构成

形容词和副词的比较等级分为：原级、比较级和最高级。原级即形容词和副词的原形。比较级和最高级的词形变化分规则变化和不规则变化两种。

1.规则变化

[名师指津]表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent, extreme, perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。

2.不规则变化

(二)形容词与副词比较等级的用法

1.平级比较

(1)用as …as …, not …as/so … as引导

Henry is a worker as good as Peter (is).

亨利和彼得一样都是好工人。

Henry does not have as/so many books as I have.

亨利的书不如我的多。

(2)as＋形容词＋as＋数量词＝ 数量词＋形容词

The building is as tall as 100 meters.

＝The building is 100 meters tall.

这幢楼有100米高。

2.表示比较的特殊结构

(1)表示一方不及另一方时，用“less＋原级＋than”结构。

This computer is less expensive than mine.

这台电脑没有我的贵。

(2)表示一方程度随另一方程度平行变化时，用“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”，意为“越……就越……”。

The busier he is, the happier he feels.

他越忙就越感到高兴。

(3)不与其他事物相比较，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级＋and＋比较级”结构，意为“越来越……”。

Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.

我们学校变得越来越漂亮了。

(4)表示“和……一样不……”时，用“no＋比较级＋than”结构。

You are no taller than I.

你和我一样矮。

(5)注意下列短语的使用：

more than意为“超过；不止，不仅仅；非常”。

There are more than fifty students in the class.

这个班有50多个学生。(more than意为“超过”时多与数词连用)

Peace is much more than the absence of war.

和平不仅仅意味着没有战争。(more than意为“不仅仅”时多与名词连用)

She is more than selfish.

她非常自私。(more than意为“非常”时多与形容词连用)

more … than …意为“与其说……不如说……”。

She is more careless than stupid.

与其说她笨，还不如说她粗心大意。

not more than“至多”。

I have not more than ten books in my bag.

我书包里的书不多于10本。

no more than“只有”。

I have no more than ten books in my bag.

我的书包里仅有10本书。

less than“少于”。

It had cost Tom less than five dollars.

汤姆花了不到五美元买了这件东西。

no less than“有……之多”。

No less than a thousand people came.

来的人竟有一千人之多。

not less than“至少”。

He is not less than 80 years old.

他至少80岁了。

3.比较级形式表示最高级意义的表达方式

I have never spent a more worrying day.

这是我度过的最令人焦虑的一天。

I can’t agree more.

我完全同意。

He is better at English than anything else.

他最擅长英语。

Every morning he arrives earlier than any other student in the class.

＝Every morning he arrives earlier than all the other students in the class.

＝Every morning he arrives earlier than anyone else in the class.

＝Every morning he arrives earlier than any of the other students in the class.

＝Every morning he arrives earlier than the rest of students in the class.

每天早上他都是班里来得最早的学生。

[名师指津]某些以ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有：inferior (劣等的，次的)，superior(较好的，优于……)，junior (资历较浅的)，senior (资格较老的)等。

He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.

他在化学上比张老师优秀。

4.最高级的句型

(1)形容词最高级(＋名词)＋表示范围的状语

She is the most active student in our class.

她是我们班最活跃的学生。

(2)one of＋形容词最高级＋名词复数

Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.

＝Shanghai is among the biggest cities in our country.

上海是我国最大的城市之一。

(3)序数词＋形容词最高级＋名词

Africa is the second largest continent in the world.

非洲是世界上第二大洲。

5.比较级和最高级的修饰语

(1)修饰比较级的常用词和短语有rather, much, still, even, a lot, a little, a great deal,(by) far, a bit等。

The students study even harder than before.

学生们比以前学习更努力了。

(2)常用的最高级的修饰语有by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not really以及序数词等。

I’d like to buy the second most expensive camera.

我想买便宜一点的照相机。

[名师指津]by far通常用来修饰最高级，但也可修饰比较级，修饰比较级时，一般放在比较级后面，若在前面，应在两者之间加the。

The book is better by far than that one.

这本书要比那本书好得多。

He is by far the taller of the two brothers.

他是两兄弟中较高的那一个。

6.倍数表达法

常用的倍数表达法：

Our classroom is three times as large as theirs.

＝Our classroom is three times larger than theirs.

＝Our classroom is three times the size of theirs.

我们的教室是他们教室的三倍大。

The length of the road is four times what it was three years ago.

这条路的长度是三年前的四倍。

[对点练3]写出下列单词的比较级和最高级

bigbiggerbiggest

hothotterhottest

happyhappierhappiest

interestingmoreinterestingmostinteresting

farfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest

【拓展练习】

.单句语法填空

1.Popup shops first appeared in the UK in the early 2000s. They were (origin) a way for small companies to rent small space in great locations.

2.Indeed, travelling around this country will (true) give you an amazing experience because of its interesting things offered to all types of tourists.

3.Films, books, magazines, etc. give us (day) amusement.

4.For example, it is thought that many physical problems and other conditions are made (bad) by an increased level of stress.

5.Most computer applications are in English, so you will understand them (good).

6.The better we get into good eating habits, the (happy) our life will become.

7.I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time — there are (meaningful) things to do.

8.Dr.Barone was my doctor when I was a kid, and even though I was probably just another patient to her, to me she was (much) than just my doctor.

【语篇综合练】

.语法填空

High in thick bamboo forests in the misty,1 (rain) mountains of southwestern China 2(live) one of the world’s rarest mammals: the giant panda, also called the panda. Only about 1,000 of these blackandwhite 3(relative) of bears survive in the wild.

Pandas eat almost nothing 4 bamboo shoots and leaves.5 (occasion) they eat other plants, fish, or small animals, but bamboo accounts 699 percent of their diets. Pandas eat fast; they eat a lot, and they spend about 12 hours a day 7(do) it. The reason is that they digest only about a 8(five) of what they eat. Overall, bamboo is not very nutritious. To stay healthy, they have to eat a lot — up to 15 percent of their body weight in 12 hours — so they eat fast.

Pandas’ molars (臼齿) are very broad and flat. The shape of these teeth helps the animals crush the bamboo shoots, leaves, and stems they eat.9 (get) the bamboo to their mouths, they hold the stems with their front claws, which have enlarged wrist bones that act as thumbs for grasping things. A panda should have at least two bamboo species where it lives, or it will starve. Pandas are shy; they never leave areas 10 they live. This restricts pandas to very limited areas.