名词短语-名词短语和动词短语的区别

名词短语指以一个名词为中心构成的短语,在句中的功能相当于名词。一般用作主语,宾语,表语或宾补

名词短语的组成:(限定词)+(形容词、描述性名词)+名词+(介词短语)。如:

a beautiful campus/some school clubs/a beautiful campus of my school

一个英语简单句中最重要的成分是主谓,其它都是修饰成分。

谓语只能有动词或短语动词担当;主语只能有名此类词担当。

而名词通常都是以名词短语的形式存在。

名动形副冠代数介连,名词动词是构成句子主干,其它词都是服务于名词或动词的。形容词修饰名词,副词修饰动词,冠词、数词限定名词,代词代替名词,介词用于名词之前把名词与其它词介开,连词用于连接词与词短语与短语句子与句子。

一 名词(None)

名词是指人或事物的名称。名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类。专有名词是个别的人、事物、地点等专有的名称,如:Gina, China。专有名词的第一个字母要大写。名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有复数形式如:an apple, two apples, a bag, some bags。不可数名词前不能用a/an或数词限定,不可数名词一般没有复数形式,如:milk,bread,rice。还有一些词既可以充当可数名词,也可以充当不可数名词,如:ice-cream,salad, chicken.

可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。名词的复数形式的部分规则如下

1 一般情况,直接加-s

book-books pet-pets bag-bags boy-boys

2 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词,加-es

class-classes box-boxes watch-watches dish-dishes

3 以辅音字母加y结尾的词,变y为i再加-es

story-stories family-families party-parties strawberry-strawberries

4 以f/fe结尾的词,把f/fe变为ves

shelf-shelves leaf-leaves wife-wives knife-knives

5 以o结尾的词,有生命的加-es,无生命的加-s

tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes photo-photos piano-pianos

6 少数名词的复数形式不规则:

fish-fish sheep-sheep deer-deer

man-men woman-women tooth-teeth foot-feet child-children mouse-mice

动词和名词的数规则变化后都是以s或者es结尾的,那么这个s或es后缀的发音有三种情况:

1 以/dʒ/ /tʃ/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /s/ /z/六个音结尾的单词变数之后,s或es后缀发 /ɪz/

名词: bridge-bridges watch-watches dish-dishes

garage-garages boss-bosses buzz-buzzes

动词: merge-merges catch-catches wash-washes

rouge-rouges miss-misses fizz-fizzes

2 清辅音(声带不振动)结尾 /s/

名词: map-maps cat-cats cake-cakes

动词: tap-taps let-lets take-takes

3 其他音(元音,浊辅音,边音,鼻音—-都是浊音,都声带振动)结尾 /z/

名词:soccer-soccers head-heads table-tables room-rooms

动词:buy-buys guard-guards cancle-cancles ring-rings

以上都是规则变化的,当然还有不规则的,发音也是不规则的,依单词而定:

man-men child-children foot-feet

二 形容词(Adjective)

形容词用于描述名词,表示人或事物的特征,在句中作定语。部分形容词有三级:原级,比较级,最高级。

形容词比较级最高级的变化规则:

构成方法原级比较级最高级单音节词和部分双音节词一般在词尾加-er或-esthigh

tall

short

slowhigher

taller

shorter

slowerhighest

tallest

shortest

slowest单音节词和部分双音节词以字母e结尾的词,在词尾加-r或-stfine

latefiner

laterfinest

latest单音节词和部分双音节词重读闭音节词词尾只有一个辅音字母时,先双写该辅音

字母,再加-er 或-estbig

thin

fatbigger

thinner

fatterbiggest

thinnest

fattest单音节词和部分双音节词以‘辅音字+y’结尾的双音节词,先把“y”改为“i”,再加er或-esteasy

funny

earlyeasier

funnier

earliereasiest

funniest

earliest多音节词和部分双音节词在名词前加more或mostbeautiful

interesting

comfortable

comfortablymore beautiful

more interesting

more comfortable

more comfortablymost beautiful

most interesting

most comfortable

most comfortably不规则变化good/well

bad/badly

many/much

little

farbetter

worse

more

less

father/furtherbest

worst

most

least

farthest/furthest

形容词的比较级最高级的用法(对比副词)

等级用法例句比较级表示两者(人或事物)的比较。在“比较级十 than”的句型中,当than 前后所使用的动词相同时,通常用助动词代替后面的动词。该动词或助动词可以省咯。Im more outgoing than my sister.

You know more about yourself than I (do).

He works much harder than me.最高级表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较,其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个,后面可用of (江)短语等来说明比较的范围。形容词最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the,副词最高级前的the可以省去。Screen City is the best theater in town.

Who sings (the) most beautifully of thethree?

My cousin Li Jing is the funniest person Iknow.

注:1 在形容词和副词的比较级前,可以用much,a little 等修饰,如:much better, little taller.

表示两者在某一方面相同时,用“as + 形容词或副词原形+as”,的句型。如:

I think science is as important as math.

Tom runs as fast as Jack.

2 表示一方在某一方面不及另一方时,用“not as/so +形容词或副词原形+ as” 的句型。如:

It is not as/ so warm today as yesterday.

He did not come as/ so early as Wang Lin.

三 介词短语(Prepositional Phrase)

先来看看常用的介词有哪些:

in,on,at,by,to,of,as,up,for,off,out,but,per,via,till,plus,from,down,over,with,into,onto,upon,near,past,than,like,save,since,minus,round,until,except,unlike,under,versus,during,inside,within,despite,outside,towards,through,without,opposite,underneath,including,considering

away,along,about,above,after,aboard,across,among,against,around,below,before,beyond,beside,besides,between

out of,in front of,in the middle of,in the midst of ,on behalf of,next to,in case of,

再来看一下牛津给的介词定义:

a word or group of words,such as in,from,to ,out of and on behalf of,used before a noun or pronoun to show place,position,time or method.

一个或者一组词,例如in,from,to,out of 和on behalf of,用于名词或者代词前面,表示地方,位置,时间或方法。

注意:I stood up.这里面的up不是介词,后面没有名词的不是介词,这是副词。大部分介词也有副词词性,区别在于后面是否跟名词或代词。

所以说介词的位置还是比较明确的,就是放在名词或者代词前面。介词的介在汉语里是‘介于之间’的意思。综合起来看,介词就是介于名词或代词与其它词之间的词,说白了,介词就是把名词或代词与别的词隔开。

那么,介词把名词或代词与哪些词隔开呢?

1 不及物动词

不及物动词的定义就是后面不能直接跟名词或代词的动词。

I go school every week./He arrived America./They looked the blackboard.

上面的句子都是错的,因为上面的谓语动词都是不及物动词,后面不能直接跟名词或代词,需要加介词隔开:

I go to school every week./He arrive in America./They looked at the blackboard.

2 副词

副词修饰的是除名词外的词,副词不能直接修饰名词,需要介词隔开。

Jackson is ill,we can invite Lisa to play the drum instead.(instead是副词)

Instead of Jackson,we can invite Lisa to play the drum.

3 从属连词

从属连词是连接句子的,不能连单词,需要介词隔开。

Because his wife was there,I said nothing about it.(because是连词)

Becasue of his wife being there,I said nothing about it.

4 句子主干

Im drawing the park.

Im drawing in the park.

因为句子的主干是名词动词构成的,如果没有介词隔开的话,句子的主干和修饰成分就傻傻分不清楚了。例如上面的两句话,第一句没有介词,the park就成了宾语了,第二句,加了介词以后,in the park就成了介词短语,就成了修饰成分,做状语。

介词短语都是作修饰成分,要么相当于形容词作定语,要么相当于副词作状语。形容词和副词都是修饰词,定语和状语都是句子中的修饰成分,丰富主干。

The key (to the front door) was stolen (in the moring).(介词短语分别作后置定语和时间状语)

通常名词是作句子的主干不能修饰的,加上介词后,介词相当于改变了名词的词性,和介词一起构成介词短语起修饰作用。

四 限定词(Determiner)

我们经常查词典或者从一些教材上看到单词的后面标注的不是名动形副冠代数介连叹这些词性,而是det.这个符号,就是限定词。

限定词(determiner)其实不是一类词性,而是包含了几种不同的词性的词的集合。

限定词包括:数词,冠词,名词所有格,形物代,指示代词,不定代词,关系代词,疑问代词。

a red apple/two interesting books/my old friend/Toms new car/this weired guy

some wonderful ideas/whose shelf/which man

那么,限定词和形容词有什么区别?

限定词对名词起限定范围作用,它涉及该名词的外部联系,也就是从外部世界中确定范围

形容词对名词起描述特征作用,它涉及该名词的内部特征,也就是从内部世界中描述特征

简单来说,限定词给这个名词确定范围,形容词给这个名词描述一下特征。

举个栗子,周末自己在家烤了一个土豆a hot potato,刚放到盘子里来了一个电话然后一聊一个小时,聊完再看这个土豆时已变成a cold potato。我为什么只把hot变成了cold,而没有变限定词a呢?因为这个土豆的范围没有变化,还是这个土豆,只是它的内部特征–温度变化了而已。

一个土豆不够吃,我又烤了一个,现在我有两个土豆,这个时候就是two potatoes。这个时候可不止是刚才那一个土豆的事了,限定词涉及外部联系,two这个限定词就给第一个土豆从外部联系了另一个土豆来,重新确定了这个名词短语的范围。

严格来说,限定词先给这名词确定范围,形容词后给这个名词描述特征。

所以,顺序很关键,必须先确定了范围才能对名词进行描述。

真正理解了限定词以及限定词与形容词的区别之后我们就能解释很多现象:

1为什么名词短语中限定词必须在形容词前面?

只有先用限定词确定出名词的范围之后,形容词再描述才能有意义。

2 为什么专有名词不需要限定词?

因为它是独一无二的,不需要限定范围。

3为什么something等复合不定代词修饰成分后置?

因为something是some thing结合而来,some是限定词,限定词必须在形容词前面,something这个限定词和名词结合之后,只能通过形容词后置来满足限定词必须置于形容词前的规则了。

4为什么It is a cat.是对的,而It is white cat.就是语法错误呢?

或者说名词短语a white cat中white 省略掉没有语法错误,而限定词a省略掉就是语法错误呢?

形容词描述内部特征,而限定词限定外部范围。

我们可以说a white cat,two white birds,white paper但不可以说white ink,形容词的使用受到名词内部意义的制约,而不受名词语法形式的限制。

而限定词涉及外部联系,涉及到能不能数,有多少数的问题。因此限定词的使用受到名词的单数,复数以及可数或者不可数等语法形式的限制,比如可以说a pen,two pens,this pen,his pen,却不可以说some pen,much pen。

也就是说,限定词与名词中心词有着结构上的联系,而形容词与名词中心词没有这种关系,因此可以说a (white) cat,却不可以说(a) white cat。也就是说,在同一名词词组中,去掉形容词,该词组在结构上仍然是完整的;反之,如果保留形容词而去掉限定词,该词组在结构上便有缺损,在语法上是错误的。

再来详细看看有哪些限定词:

限定词又根据位置的不同,分为前位限定词,中位限定词,后位限定词

前位限定词:all,both,half;double,twice,three times;one-third等

中位限定词:a,an,the,zero;this,that,these,those;my,your;Toms,my friends;some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough;What(ever),which(ever),whose等

后位限定词:数词;next,last,other,another;many,much,few,little,fewer,the fewest,more,most;several,such等

一)数词:基数词+序数词

基数词

1 one

2 two

3 three

4 four

5 five

6 six

7 seven

8 eight

9 nine

10 ten

11 eleven

12 twelve

13 thirteen

14 fourteen

15 fifteen

16 sixteen

17 seventeen

18 eighteen

19 nineteen

20 twenty

21 twenty-one

22 twenty-two

23 twenty-three

24 twenty-tour

25 twenty-five

26 twenty-six

27 twenty-seven

28 twenty-eight

29 twenty-nine

30 thirty

40 forty

50 fifty

60 sixty

70 seventy

80 eighty

90 ninety

100 one hundred

101 one hundred and one

102 one hundred and two

1,000 one thousand

1,001 one thousand (and) one

2,000 two thousand

10,000 ten thousand

100,000 one hundred thousand

1,000,000 one million序数词

1st first

2nd second

3rd third

4th fourth

5th fifth

6th sixth

7th seventh

8th eighth

9th ninth

10th tenth

11th eleventh

12th twelfth

13th thirteenth

14th fourteenth

15th fifteenth

16th sixteenth

17th seventeenth

18th eighteenth

19th nineteenth

20th twentieth

21st twenty-first

22nd twenty-second

23rd twenty-third

24th twenty-fourth

25th twenty-fifth

26th twenty-sixth

27th twenty-seventh

28th twenty-eighth

29th twenty-ninth

30th thirtieth

40th fortieth

50th fiftieth

60th sixtieth

70th seventieth

80th eightieth

90th ninetieth

100th (one) hundredth

101st (one) hundred and first

102nd (one) hundred and second

1,000th (one) thousandth

1,001st (one) thousand and first

2,000th two thousandth

10,000th ten thousandth

100,000th (one) hundred thousandth

1,000,000th (one) millionth

二)冠词 (Articles)

冠词是置于名词之前,说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词。冠词不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词包括定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词三种。

1. 定冠词(the):the通常有明确的所指,即以说话人和听话人已知的人或事物为前提,可与单数可数名词、复数可数名词或不可数名词放在一起使用。例如:The white model plane is hers. Where are the keys? The milk is on the table. 定冠词the在辅音前读/ðə/,在元音前读/ði/,特别强调时,可读作 /ði:/。

用法例词或例句特指某(些)人或某(些)事物Show me the photo of your family.

The book on the desk is mine.指双方都知道的人或事物。How much are the red socks?

-Theyre eight dollars.指上文提过的人或事物First, cut up a tomato. Put the tomato on the bread.用在世界上独一无二的事物前The sun is bigger than the moon.用在序数词和形容词最高级前In the first photo, Im playing basketball at school.

Whats the best radio station?用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前the Great Wall, the Childrens Palace用在姓氏的复数形式前the Browns(布朗一家人)用在乐器名称前Can you play the guitar?用在一些习惯用语中in the morning/ afternoon/evening, on the left/

right, the day before yesterday, all the same

2.不定冠词(a/an):a/an 有不确定的意义,即所说的人或事物对听者或读者来说可能是不知道的,其中an放在以元音开头的名词前面,如 an apple。不定冠词只能与单数可数名词结合,基本含义有“该类中的一例”“只有一个”“每一个”等。例如:Do you have a volleyball? Its an orange. I take the medicine twice a day.

用法例词或例句指人或事物的某一种类China is a very interesting country.指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。Its an action movie.表示“1”这个数量,但数的概念没有 one强烈Is there a bank near here?

I found a small boy crying in the corner.

We work five days a week.用于某些固定词组中He has a big nose and two small eyes.

a few, a little, a lot of, a moment ago

3. 零冠词:即不使用冠词。一般来说,在复数可数名词、不可数名词或专有名词前不使用冠词。例如:Hamburgers are not healthy. Ilike ice-cream. My friend is in China

用法例词或例句在专有名词和不可数名词前China, Tiananmen Square, milk, Millers Clothes

Store, Class 9名词前已有作定语的 this, that, my,your, some, any, each, every 等代词Its her ruler.

How much are these trousers?

This book is really interesting.

Some boys are playing in the snow.

I think every home will have a robot.复数名词表示一类人或事物时She thinks talk shows are wonderful.

I like elephants because they are cute.在星期、月份、节日前Can you come to my party on Saturday?

A special day in the United States is Thanksgiving.在称呼语、头街和职务 等名称前My science teacher is Mr. Chen.

Dont run in the hallways.

Sorry, Ms. Clark.在一日三餐前For lunch, she likes hamburgers, salad and oranges.在球类运动的名称前Can you play soccer?

Do you play tennis?用在某些固定词组中at home/school, by train, go to school/bed, on time,at night/noon, after class/ school, be late for school

三)名词所有格

类别构成方法例词读音单数名词加sMikes book跟名词复数加s发音一样复数名词-不以s结尾加sChildrens Day跟名词复数加s发音一样复数名词-以s结尾加My grandparents room读音不变

四)代词

1 人称代词,物主代词

名词短语-名词短语和动词短语的区别

注:1)主格和宾格意思相同,用于句中不同的位置,主语位置用主格,宾语位置用宾格。宾语位于动词和介词后,分别作动宾和介宾,所以宾格是在动词和介词后。

2)形物代和名物代都是用代词表所属关系的。形物代相当于形容词,后面必须加名词;名物代相当于名词,后面不能加名词;形物代+名词=名物代;

3)表示反射或者强调的代词叫做反身代词。反身代词可以作宾语Take good care of yourself.表语Be yourself.和同位语Tom himself is a lawyer.

2 指示代词:表示远近的代词this,that,these,those

3 不定代词 (Indefinite Pronouns):不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。

常见不定代词:some 一些,somebody 某人,someone 某人,something 某事/某物,any一些/任何,anybody 任何人,anyone 任何人,anything 任何事物,no无,nobody无人,no one无人,nothing 无物,all 全体/全部,both 两个(都),none 没人或物(指两个以上),neither 没人或物(指两个当中),either 任何一个(指两个当申),each 每个,every 每个,everybody每人/大家,everyone 每人,everything 每一件事物,other(s) 另一个(些)another 另一个much 很多many 很多,few 很少,a few 一些/几个 ,little 很少,a little一些,one一个(人或物)

不定代词的用法中有几点需要注意,特别是有些不定代词兼具形容词的用法:

1) some 和any 既可代替或修饰可数名词复数,也可代替或修饰不可数名词。some多用于肯定句,any 则多用于否定句、疑问向和条件从句。例如:

A: Are there any apples in the fridge?

B: Yes, there are some./No, there arent any.

A: Is there any water in the bottle?

B: Yes, there is some water./No, there isnt any water.

但在Would you like some tea?这类问向中则用some,而不用any,这是因为问话者希望得到对方肯定的答复。

2) many和much均表示“很多”。但many 只代替或修饰可数名词复数,而much代替或修饰不可数名词

3) few 与a few 是一对反义词,代替或修饰可数名词复数;little 与alittle 也是一对反义词,代替或修饰不可数名词。few 和little 的意思是“很少;几乎没有”侧重“否定”的含义;a few 和a little 的意思是“有一些”侧重“肯定”的含义。例如:

Dont worry. There is a little time to go.

We took quite a few photos there.

Few people know what happened.

There is now little hope of success.

4)由some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词作主语时,都作单数看待,其谓语动词用单数第三人称形式

Something is wrong with my watch.

Well, everyone wants to win.

Nobody knows what the future will be like.

There is something for everyone at Greenwood Park.

5) 除no one 以外,其他复合不定代词都写成一个词。

6)不定代词若有定语修饰,该定语要置于其后。例如:

Did anyone see something good at the cinema?

For lunch, we had something very special –

Malaysian yellow noodles.

Do you have anything to say?

4 关系代词

I have seen the boy whose father is a doctor.

5 疑问代词

What size would you like?

免责声明:文章内容来自互联网,本站仅提供信息存储空间服务,真实性请自行鉴别,本站不承担任何责任,如有侵权等情况,请与本站联系删除。
转载请注明出处:名词短语-名词短语和动词短语的区别 https://www.bxbdf.com/a/112702.shtml

上一篇 2023-06-21 05:16:51
下一篇 2023-06-21 05:26:58

猜你喜欢

联系我们

在线咨询: QQ交谈

邮件:362039258#qq.com(把#换成@)

工作时间:周一至周五,10:30-16:30,节假日休息。